TIT KIM U T

VNG VN THANH


Tng lai ti chnh ca bn v gia nh bn, mt phn ln l kt qu ca nhng ngh v quyt nh by gi. C ܮc mt t vn, khng nhng n s gii quyt ܮc mt vi vn NJ trܧc mt, m li cn c th a bn i xa hn na.

...Lm sao Nj c d tin khng phi l d, nhng cng khng l mt vn NJ qu kh nh bn thܩng ngh. iu kin ti quan trng u tin phi c l c tnh tit kim. Khng nhng n cn thit cho chnh bn m cn c li cho quc gia na.


Cng nh nhiu ngܩi khc, i khi bn chc hn cng ܧc c d tin Nj ǥt down mt chic xe mi toanh, mt cn nh khang trang, mt chuyn du lch y , hoc mt s tin Nj dng cho vic hc vn tng lai ca con ci? Bn suy ngh v cm thy b tc? Xoay s cch no y nu bn khng mun lm vo cnh hung n nn? Bn ng vi tc lܫi ri b mc mi s. Tng lai ti chnh ca bn v gia nh bn, mt phn ln l kt qu ca nhng ngh v quyt nh by gi. C ܮc mt t vn, khng nhng n s gii quyt ܮc mt vi vn NJ trܧc mt, m li cn c th a bn i xa hn na. Th d nh hng Hewlett-Packard ܮc khi u bng mt hoi bo v vi s vn l $538; tin thn ca hng Motorola l $1,315; hng Honda l $7,000; hng Ford l $56,000; hng Gallo Winery l $59,000 (Theo 1993 World Features Syndicate). Bn c th s bo l sao m kho chuyn th. "Ci kh n b ci khn!". Tin ǥt down chic xe th thao mui trn cn cha c, hung h g tnh ljn chuyn u t, kinh doanh xa vi! ng . V th, bi ny s gp thm vi kin Nj hoc l phc nh nhng bܧc u ca mt d nh ti chnh cho tng lai, hay tch t mt t vn ling Nj bn theo ui mt gic m p no .

Lm sao Nj c d tin khng phi l d, nhng cng khng l mt vn NJ qu kh nh bn thܩng ngh. iu kin ti quan trng u tin phi c l c tnh tit kim. Khng nhng n cn thit cho chnh bn m cn c li cho quc gia na. Bn than l tin tiu hng ngy ch va th cn ly u ra m dnh dm?! Vy th y, th nht, sau mi k lnh lng, lun lun bn phi t thܪng hoc tr lng cho chnh bn trܧc , ri mi tr bills sau. Mܩi, mܩi lm ng, hoc mt con s thit thc no m bn chn. Sau , bn hy dnh cht th gi Nj lit k mt cch trn vn tt c nhng mc chi tiu hng thng trn mt trang giy. Bn s rt kinh ngc khi nhn ra rng, t bao lu nay, bn xi kh nhiu vo nhng khon khng tht s cn thit cp bch, hoc xi qu Ƕ cho mt vi khon no . Vi ng ch ny, chc ng ch kia... Cng li s thnh mt tng s lm bn ngc nhin. Hy can m gt b nhng s chi dng ph phm mt cch NJu ǥn th bn c d ngay. Cc c dy l: "Lc c th chng n de. Lc ht bn s n d vo u?!"

Mun thc hin ܮc hai iu cn bn trn mt cch c hiu qu, bn phi t luyn Nj c mt k lut nghim tc trong vic tiu xi cho hm nay v mi mi. Bng cch l bn hy lp tc m mt trng mc tit kim loi gin d nht, b vo mt cch NJu NJu nhng mn tin t thܪng v nhng phn tit dng hng thng d l nh, v tuyt i khng rt ra ng no c. Sau mt thi gian, bn s ngc nhin v thch th khi thy rng s tin dnh dm nay tr thnh mt s khng nh. Cc c cng phn: "Kin tha lu y t" m. Nhng bn ng chn ch. C rt nhiu ngܩi ni l s bt u ngay ngy mai v ri ci ngy mai khng bao gi ljn, v h tip tc m ܧc hoc than trch. Bo m vi bn l ln u tin tit ch tuy hi kh y, nhng nhng ln sau , s tr thnh gn nh l t Ƕng, v bn s khng cn cm thy s tit gim l mt s "gng mnh" na.

Gi s l sau mt thi gian tht lng buc bng, bn Nj dnh ܮc mt s tin kh, chng hn nh ba, bn ngn bc. Xin mng bn! Nu bn cha phi dng s tin ny ngay, th y l mt vi cch thc thit thc cn bn Nj tin ra tin:

Ngn hng hoc Credit Union

Trng mc tit kim l mt hnh thc u t gin d nht. Vn s ܮc bo m bi FDIC nhng phn li thܩng kh thp. i khi gi tr tin c th gim v mc lm pht cao hn phn li. (Money market funds ca nhng qu h tng a s mang phn li cao hn) Nu bn ngh l s xi s tin ny nay mai th c tm Nj y, cn khng th chuyn qua trng mc tit kim nh k (CD) vi k hn no . Thi gian cng di th phn li cng cao. Nhng cn thn khi chn thi gian nh k, bi v nu bn rt tin ra trܧc ngy mn hn th thܩng s b pht kh cao.

Kh ܧc (Treasury, State and Municipal /Private Corporate Bonds)

y l mt NJ ti kh phc tp nhng i cng n l nhiu loi vn t thiu n ca c quan chnh ph lin bang, tiu bang v th x (vn v li khng ܮc bo m nhng kh an ton) hoc ca mt cng ty t (vn v li ܮc bo m bi li tc v ti sn). N mang nhiu k hn v nhiu mc ri ro khc nhau. Tin li t kh ܧc tiu bang v th x ܮc min tr trong thu li tc lin bang v c th tiu bang. Kh ܧc trung hn hoc di hn s khng b kt ljn ngy mn hn, bi v ch quyn ca n c th ܮc thay ǰi bt c lc no. Tuy nhin, nu kh ܧc ܮc bn trܧc khi mn hn th gi tr s tng hay gim l ty theo phn li ca th trܩng khi bn. Th d, bn mua mt kh ܧc gi $5,000 vi phn li l 6% v k hn l 5 nm. Sau 3 nm lnh tin li ri, bn tng tin v mun bn. Nu vo thi im ny mc li th trܩng l 9%, th gi tr ca kh ܧc s gim. Tm tt l nu phn li trong tng lai gim th gi tr ca kh ܧc s tng hoc ngܮc li.

Tin y, phn li chnh (federal-funds rate) ܮc n nh bi ngn hng quc gia (Federal Reserve Board). N c mt tc dng to ln bao trm mi hnh vi ca th trܩng ti chnh v cng l mt cng c dng Nj kim sot v duy tr nn kinh t. Gi d, nu bn c kh nng tin on ܮc tng gim ca phn li mt cch chnh xc v NJu ǥn, chng my chc m bn s giu to.

Lm khi, kh ܧc s tr nn gn nh v gi tr, nu cng ty hoc c quan pht hnh n... sp tim. V vy, tt c kh ܧc cng NJu ܮc xp hng ty theo phm cht trong Moodys Municipal and Government Manual. S u t vo kh ܧc cng i hi mt s hiu bit v phn tch thn trng ca nhiu phng din nh: s tng trܪng dn s, s lܮng n ang mang, s tin mt ang c, vn tc ca s thu thu, s ban hnh nhng o lut, k hoch ti chnh ng nin. Kh ܧc t th bn cng phi džc t Wall Street Journal, Standard & Poors Bond Guide, bit din ngha nhng bn tܩng trnh ti chnh ca cng ty, dng mt vi cng thc Nj c nhng t l dng vo vic o lܩng, so snh, v tin on gi tr tng lai ca kh ܧc.

Qu h tng Chng khon/ Kh ܧc (Stock/Bond mutual funds)

y l hnh thc u t vo th trܩng chng khon hoc kh ܧc mt cch gin tip, ngha l bn mua bn c phn ca qu ch khng phi c phn ca cng ty t hoc tri phiu ca chnh ph. Tin vn khng ܮc bo m v s li hoc l nhiu hay t l ty thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khc nhau. C loi qu cho mi mc ch, thch, v hon cnh " ngn, trung, hoc di hn, mc may ri cao hay thp, nhng chng khon ca ring mt k ngh no , ch nhng chng khon ca nhng cng ty ngoi quc m thi... Thܩng th s li cao s i hi s to bo khi u t v cng c ngha l tin vn c th s d b gim.

Nu bn thch chi chng khon nhng khng c nhiu thi gi Nj theo di st th trܩng hoc khng tinh thng nhng kha cnh ca phm vi ti chnh v k ton cho lm th hy chn qu h tng. Nhng tay qun l tinh nhu nh ngh, vi s cng tc ca nhng phn tch gia, s thay mt bn v nhiu ngܩi xut vn khc Nj u t s tin y thc vo hng chc hoc trm chng khon khc nhau. Tuy nhin, khng c ngha l sau khi k chi phiu gi i l xong chuyn. Bn phi theo di nhng bin chuyn kinh t, chnh tr, x hi,... trong v ngoi nܧc v tt c s c nh hܪng rt ln ljn th trܩng, v khng mt c nhn no ca qu s trc tip c vn bn mt cch ring t c. V th, lu lu, bn phi kim li s ln xung ca c phn. Nu ln th tt, cn nu xung ch v nhng l do nht thi th cng ng hong ht m bn vi. Bi v s u t di hn vo th trܩng chng khon, theo nhng thng k trong qu kh, thܩng thܩng s li nhiu hn l l. V hy chn no-load funds (qu khng ly hu hng), v loaded funds cha chc em li nhiu hn cho thn ch.

Th trܩng chng khon (Stock market):

y l mt NJ ti rt phc tp; nhng mt cch i khi, bn mua hoc bn c phn (share) ca mt hoc nhiu cng ty no qua mt hng trung gian (brokerage firm). Mc hu hng cao hay thp l ty thuc vo mi hng v s lܮng c phn khi ǰi chc; mua t th hu hng cao v ngܮc li. Ngܩi mi gii (stock broker), vi kh nng chuyn mn v nhng kinh nghim y "mu v nܧc mt", cng vi s h tr t nhiu phn tch gia v kinh t gia kinh nghim cng mnh, thܩng a ra nhiu kin v NJ ngh trong vic mua bn, trao ǰi. Nghe theo hay khng l tu bn. D nhin l gi tr c phn s khng ܮc bo m; s ln xung nhiu hay t cng s ty thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau v lm khi v nhng l do kh k quc.

Kiu u t ny i hi bn phi bit r ngn ngnh nhiu lnh vc, c th gi nghin cu thܩng xuyn, s liu lnh i khi... bt mng, v mt t xu... hn nu bn mun c trm ln thng m ch mt vi ln thua. (Bn cn nh trܩng hp cng ty xe hi Chrysler mm...dp tim v phc hng hai ln trong mܩi nm? Hoc l, cch y khong tm chn nm, c ai dm ng ljn v nh c vo s thnh cng vܮt bc hin ti ca hng in t Microsoft?). L do gin d ch yu l mua vo vi gi thp, bn ra vi gi cao. C ngha l s li s pht xut t s gia tng ca c phn, ch cn phn chia li (dividend), khi c khi khng, s chng l bao, tr phi bn c mt s lܮng c phn tht ln.

Phin ch chng khon lc no cng rng m n ch mi gii. Tay chi sng s, Warren Buffett, ng gi bc t v dm u t vo nhng s ri ro c tnh ton mt cch rt k lܫng v khoa hc. Cch y khng lu, mt "chng tui tr vn ging ho kit" ngui Anh, Nicholas Leeson, gy chn Ƕng ln trong giang h v tu ha nhp ma gn mt t -la, khin ngn hng k cu Barings phi lp tc ...dp tim. Hay l trܩng hp ca vin th qu dn c "bch chin, bch thng", Robert Citron, s nghip mt ǩi pht chc tiu tan d ch mi ...thua c mt ln nhng li l ci thua ing ngܩi. Tay chi lo luyn ny cng c hn gn hai t bc, a Orange County, CA ljn ch khnh tn v em nhng nh hܪng kh trm trng ljn cuc sng ca bao nhiu ngܩi. l nhng gng in hnh ca tr chi kh hi hp ny.

D nhin l cn rt nhiu cch khc Nj u t. Tuy nhin, chng i hi mt s vn ban u kh ln v hn na, cng nh bt c phng php no, mt s tra cu trܧc tht t m v kin thc tܩng tn v lnh vc . No, mi bn nhp cuc.


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