MT CUC TRANH LUN NNG HI V DNG DAI NHNG T NGОI HIU C

BN CHT CA VN "AFFIRMATIVE ACTION"

NGUYN XUN NAM


Cch y my thng, Vit Magazine ra mt s bo vi ch NJ v Affirmative Action. Lut s Nguyn Hu Lim, ng Nguyn c Lm v ti l ba ngܩi vit v ch NJ y. Trong ch NJ , nhng vn NJ cn bn ca lut affirmative action cng ܮc NJ cp ljn. L ra, chng ti khng tr li vn NJ ny, th nhng do cuc tranh lun v vn NJ ny ang ngy cng nng hi hn cho ljn k bu c Tng Thng M vo cui nm 1996, cho nn v tnh cht quan trng y, chng ti tr li NJ cp vn NJ ny. Mt l do khc ca vic quay li NJ ti ny l hu ht ngܩi M (theo thm d ca bo ch Hoa K) NJu t ra khng hiu r my ngha ca thut ng ny v c v lut affirmative action. T suy ngh , chng ti xin tr li bn v vn NJ ny t cc phng din khc nhau. Anh Nguyn c Lm bn v cc "chin trܩng" khc nhau nhng y cng thng ca lut affirmative action, lut s Nguyn Hu Lim nhn vn NJ qua lng knh php l v trit hc v cui cng, ti s NJ cp ljn mt s vn NJ lin quan ljn thng k thm d kin, ljn lch s ca khi nim affirmative action v sau cng ljn bn cht vn NJ tranh lun hin nay.

CHUYN TR TRU: TRANH LUN GAY GT NHNG A S KHNG HIU AFFIRMATIVE ACTION L G.

Trong s bo trܧc y, chng ti thm d bng in thoi Ƕc gi Vit Magazine v ܮc bit rng hu ht ngܩi Vit mnh cng khng hiu r khi nim cn bn ca lut affirmative action. Xin qu v ng bun v cng ng t i nh. Trong bi "Defining Affirmative Action: Many People Dont Know What It Means," trn bo San Jose Mercury News ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1995, Philip J. Trounstine vit: "Trong mt cuc thm d gn y ca h thng truyn hnh CBS v nht bo New York Times, gn 4 trong mi 10 ngܩi cho bit rng h khng bit thut ng affirmative action c ngha l g. Thm 15% na a ra cu tr li khng ng, nh: Lm mt chuyn g tt lnh cho mnh. " Nu cng hai nhm ngܩi trn li, chng ta c th ni rng a s ngܩi M khng hiu g v affirmative action.

Chuyn tht l tr tru v y l mt trong nhng vn NJ tranh lun gay gt lm chia r nܧc M, l mt trong nm vn NJ cn bn ca quyt nh trn hnh trnh chy ua vo ta Bch c nhim k 1996, v l vn NJ ܮc tranh lun trn bnh din quc gia...

Chuyn cng tr tru hn khi Philip J. Trounstine vit rng: "Trong cuc chin v vic tu sa hay hy b lut affirmative action, ngܩi no nh ngha thut ng ny, ngܩi chc s thng trn chin ." Nh th, cuc chin bt u t ch nhn thc bn cht vn NJ m chng ti s NJ cp dܧi y: Affirmative action l "reverse discrimination" (k th ngܮc li) ngܩi da trng hay l "compensatory justice" (cng l b tr) cho ph n v ngܩi da mu?

Trܧc khi i su vo vn NJ ny, thit tܪng chng ta nn tm hiu vi nt i cng v lch s ca lut affirmative action. T s pht trin theo lch s ca khi nim ny, chng ta s c cn bn i xa hn trong vic theo di cuc tranh lun v vic nn gi hay nn b lut ny.

VI NT I CNG V LCH S LUT AFFIRMATIVE ACTION:

Vo nm 1935, ln u tin thut ng affirmative action ܮc dng ljn trong lut NJ cp v vn NJ quyn ca on vin nghip on. Nh th vo lc khi thy, thut ng affirmative action khng c ngha nh hin nay.

Vo nm 1941, Tng Thng Franklin D. Roosevelt ban hnh sc lnh 8802, lp mt y Ban v Cc Quy nh Tuyn Dng Cng Bng. y ban ny yu cu cc nh thu cc cng trnh quc phng cam oan khng k th trong vic tuyn dng trong cc NJ n do chnh ph ti tr. Vo nm 1943, sc lnh y ܮc p dng rng ri hn i vi tt c cc nh thu lin bang.

Vo nm 1945, s kin chnh xy ra l Tng Thng Harry S. Truman ban hnh sc lnh 9004, nhm cng c y ban v Cc Quy nh Tuyn Dng Cng Bng.

Vo nm 1951, li chnh Tng Thng Truman ban hnh cc sc lnh yu cu cc nh thu quc phng cam oan khng k th trn c s chng tc, tn ngܫng, mu da v quc tch gc.

Vo nm 1954, Tng Thng Dwight D. Eisenhower b nhim Ph Tng Thng Richard M. Nixon ng u mt y ban gm 15 thnh vin v cc hp ng ca chnh ph nhm khuyn khch c hi tuyn dng cng bng. Ln u tin y Ban ny quy nh thnh vn nhng iu khon khng k th m nhng iu ny ܮc ghi trong cc hp ng ca chnh ph.

Vo nm 1961, Tng thng John F, Kennedy ban hnh sc lnh 10925 yu cu cc nh thu lin bang "c hnh Ƕng khng nh nhm bo m" (to take affirmative action to ensure) c hi tuyn dng cng bng v cng l ln u tin a ra nhng hnh pht mnh m v c th i vi cc trܩng hp vi phm. Ln u tin, c mt n lc nhm pht trin affirmative action thng qua mt hp ng tnh nguyn, mang tn "Nhng K Hoch V S Tin B" m k hoch ny ܮc hn 100 cng ty k kt. Nhng k hoch ny i hi vic thit lp nhng cuc kim tra nh k nhm bo m rng nhng chnh sch v mc tiu ca k hoch ܮc thi hnh.

Vo nm 1964, o lut dn quyn (Civil Rights Act) ܮc thng qua, m trong bao gm Title VII (iu 7). Title VII to ra ci b khung php l cho vic khng k th.

Vo nm 1965, Tng thng Lyndon B. Johnson ban hnh sc lnh 11246 nhm duy tr v tng cܩng chng trnh tun theo lut hp ng do Tng thng Kennedy tng a ra trܧc . Cng trong thi ny, Tng Thng Lyndon B. Johnson cho thnh lp Vn Phng Kim Tra Vic Tun Theo Hp ng Lin Bang (Office of Federal Contract Compliance -OFCC) nm trong B Lao ng nhm gim st vic thi hnh lut ny. iu ng ch l OFCC cho lp ra nhng chng trnh tun theo lut chng k th dnh cho nhng ngnh xy dng ti St. Luis, San Francisco, Cleveland v Philadelphia vi s thin trng vo ci gi l "result" (kt qu).

Vo thp nin 1970, dܧi thi Tng Thng Nixon, xu hܧng trng "result" nh ni trn cn to ra vic thc hin "Philadelphia Plan." K hoch ny yu cu cc nh thu lm vic vi chnh ph lin bang phi a ra nhng ch s tuyn dng ngܩi thiu s trong mc chp nhn ܮc do chnh ph ǥt ra. Philadelphia Plan gp phn to ra "affirmative action" nh l mt yu cu i vi cc ng ch M. Nixon a ph n v sc dn thiu s vo affirmative action.

Vo nm 1978, mt v x ni ting nht trong lch s affirmative action xy ra. l v Regents of University of California v Bakke do Ti Cao Php Vin x (Xin Ƕc gi tham kho bi ca ng Nguyn c Lm cng trong s ny Nj tm hiu thm v x ny).

Nh vy, trong sut my thp nin qua, qua bao nhiu ǩi Tng Thng Hoa K, affirmative action l mt trong nhng vn NJ x hi quan trng ܮc thc hin vi mc ch xy dng mt x hi cng bng hn v bnh ǣng hn m l nhng l tܪng ca x hi Hoa K.

BN CHT CA CUC TRANH LUN V AFFIRMATIVE ACTION:

Nu theo di vn NJ, chng ta NJu nhn thy rng "cuc chin" tranh lun v affirmative action khng phi mi xy ra gn y, khng phi do Thng c California ng thi l ng c vin Tng thng Hoa K, Pete Wilson, a ra u tin v b Tng Thng Bill Clinton ph phn, m cuc chin ny xy ra t lu v ܮc nhiu gio s v hc gi "tham chin."

Ch cn džc qua mt s ti liu, chng ta thy hng lot "chin s" trn mt trn ny.

Gio s trit hc Lisa H. Newton trong bi "Reverse Discrimination As Unjustified" (Ethics, July 1973) tranh lun rng nhng chng trnh bit i (preferential treatment programs) to ra tnh trng k th ngܮc v v th, to ra bt cng. Bi vit ny ca Lisa H. Newton l mt bi vit rt ni ting ܮc rt nhiu tp ch, bo v sch in li. Nh tnh ph qut ca vic ph bin bi vit ny, v cng do tnh gai gc ca vn NJ ܮc nu, bi ny ܮc xem l bi ܮc nhiu ngܩi džc nht.

Cng trong dng ngܩi tn cng vo affirmative action, cn c gio s Glenn C. Loury ca trܩng i hc Harvard. Trong bi "Beyond Civil Rights" (The New Republic, s ngy 7 thng 10 nm 1985), gio s Glenn tranh lun rng vic bm vo nhng chin lܮc dn quyn "khng cn ph hp" (ill-suited) lm cho ngܩi da en khng th no t ܮc bnh quyn y trong x hi Hoa K.

Bn cnh cc l lun tn cng vo affirmative action, cng c mt s l lun khc bnh vc s tn ti ca affirmative action.

Gio s trit Richard Wasserstrom, trn National Forum: The Phi Kappa Phil Journal s ng 1978, vit bi "A Defense of Programs of Preferential Treatment" nhm bo v affirmative action. ng cho rng x hi khng cng bng v s bt u khc nhau. ng tranh lun rng chng c g bt nht c khi va phn i vic k th chng tc v gii tnh li va ng h s bit i c.

Cng trong s ngܩi bnh vc affirmative action, cn c Herbert Hill. Gio s Herbert Hill, trong bi tham lun vi ta NJ "Race, Affirmative Action and the Constitution" ti trܩng i hc cng ng New York vo ngy 27 thng 4 nm 1988, tranh lun rng lut affirmative action l iu cn thit v n o ngܮc li lch s k th chng tc lu ǩi ca nܧc M.

Gio s trit Sterling Harwood ca trܩng San Jose State University cng ln ting bo v affirmative action bng cch nu ln ba sai lm ln trong l lun ca gio s Lisa H. Newton nh ni trn. Trong phn kt lun, gio s Harwood vit: "Nhng l lun y khuyt im ca Newton khng x ng ܮc nhng l lun quen thuc v tch cc bo v affirmative action da vo cng l NJn b hay cc yu t nhn o khc m affirmative action nu ra..."

Danh sch ca phe bn v phe chng cn di vi nhng nhn vt cng rt ni ting nh Sandel, MacIntyre, Ronald Dworkin...

Sau khi nu ra mt lot cc bi vit tiu biu ca mt s gio s trn c hai chin tuyn ca affirmative action, mt s vn NJ m ngܩi vit mun nu nh sau:

1/. Cuc tranh lun v affirmative action din ra t lu, khng nh mt s ngܩi ng nhn rng cuc tranh lun ny do Pete Wilson khi xܧng. Trܧc y, Wilson cng ng h vic duy tr affirmative action, nhng ng ǰi lp trܩng sang chng affirmative action trong thi gian gn y. Mt s ngܩi cho rng ng Pete Wilson l mt ngܩi c ti "bt mch" tm l x hi, nn ng thay ǰi quan im nhanh chng Nj ginh s ng h ca ngܩi dn da trng. Trong cuc chy ua vi K. Brown trong k bu c Thng c va qua, ng ܮc ng h bi d lut 187 v by gi nh thi Ƕ chng affirmative action, ng ܮc s ng h gia tng mt cch ng k. Ngܩi chng Pete Wilson cho rng ng l mt k "o c gi," li dng ci gi l "s phn n ca ngܩi n ng da trng" (white male anger) nhm ginh u th v mnh trong cuc chy ua vo ta Bch c. Trong lc , mt s ngܩi ng h ng ta li cho rng nhn thc con ngܩi lun thay ǰi, do vy vic ng thay ǰi th ny th khc cng l chuyn thܩng. y, ngܩi ta li ch ljn thi Ƕ ca Tng Thng Bill Clinton. D bit rng bo v affirmative action c gy cho ng ta mt i mt s s ng h no ca c tri, nhng ng vn gi ly thi Ƕ m ng tin rng ng ny.

2/. Bn cht ca cuc tranh lun tu trung l hai quan nim: Affirmative action l "reverse discrimination" (k th ngܮc) hay l "compensatory justice" (cng l b tr)?

Pha quan nim affirmative action l mt s k th ngܮc cho rng u tin hay bit i ph n v dn da en l thi Ƕ k th ngܮc li gii n ng da trng, l bt cng. Lisa H. Newton vit: "Now, if justice (Aristotles justice in the political sense) is equal treatment under law for all citizens, what is injustice? Clearly, injustice is the violation of that equality, discriminating for or against a group of citizens, favoring them with special immunities and privileges or depriving them of those guaranteed to the others"(Nu cng l (cng l ca trit gia Aristotle trong ngha chnh tr) l mt s i x bnh ǣng theo lut i vi mi cng dn, th ci g l s bt cng? Hn nhin, bt cng l s vi phm i vi s bnh ǣng, ng h hay k th mt nhm cng dn no , ban cho h nhng ǥc quyn hay tܧc khi h nhng ǥc quyn bo m cho nhng ngܩi khc."

Trong ci nhn y, trong quan nim y, Lisa Newton cho rng duy tr affirmative action l i x u i cho mt nhm ngܩi ny v do vy i x bt cng cho mt nhm ngܩi khc. V d, sinh vin da en c khi ܮc nhn vo cc trܩng hc tt mc du im thp, trong lc sinh vin M trng b loi d im cao hn. Nu ܮc hi l nhng hc sinh da en l con ci ca nhng ngܩi n l trܧc y, ngy nay ang sng trong nhng khu ngho nn, lm sao sc cnh tranh vi nhng con em ca ngܩi da trng trung lu hay giu c trong i hc cng nh i xin vic, Lisa Newton v nhng ngܩi cng quan nim nh th s tr li sao? Lm sao Nj nhng ngܩi b thit thi trong x hi nh th do k th trܧc y gy ra c ܮc c hi cnh tranh ngang bng, c s bnh ǣng vi nhng ngܩi khc?

Pha quan nim affirmative action l mt nn cng l NJn b th c nhng quan nim khc. Mt tc gi vit: "Vi t cch l nhm, ph n v dn thiu s tng b ngܮc i. Vi t cch l nhng c nhn hay quc gia, chng ta khng th no qun ti li ca cha m ca chng ta. Thc ra, chng ta c ngha v lm mt iu g nhm sa li sai lm trong qu kh." Mt quan im khc tn cng li ngay quan im ny, cho rng "Nhng ngܩi ngy hm nay khng th no ܮc k vng phi chu ti li trong qu kh. Chng ta khng chu trch nhim v ti li ... Cha m v ng b ca h xng ng ܮc NJn b, nhng ti sao nhng ngܩi ngy hm nay li nhn nhng s bit i? Khng ai nn k th h c, nhng h cng nn cnh tranh cng bng, da vo thnh tch ca mnh, nh mi ngܩi khc." Nhng quan nim ny cho ljn nay vn cn tranh lun gay gt v cha phn thng bi r rng.

Mt quan im khc ng h affirmative action khi cho rng chnh affirmative action l cn thit Nj to ra nhng cuc cnh tranh cng bng hn. Quan im ny cho rng cho d ngܩi da en khng b k th trong lc i xin vic lm chng na, h vn l nhng ngܩi chu ǿng nhng bt li, nhng thit thi khi ln ln trong nhng gia nh m nhng gia nh tng b nh hܪng do nn k th v by gi ang sng trong khu ngho nn, nhng trܩng hc ti t... Ngoi ra, trong mt x hi cn nhng thi Ƕ thin kin, nhng thanh nin da en cn b tr ngi thm bi chnh vic mt t tin ca h. T cn bn l lun ny, nhm ny nu ra kt lun: "Lu ljn chng tc v gii tnh to cho vic cnh tranh vic lm tr nn cng bng hn v ngn cn khng cho ngܩi da trng hܪng u th m h khng tht s xng ng ܮc hܪng." Quan nim ny b dn cho chic nhn l k th ngܮc v nu c th p dng th ch c th p dng cho ngܩi da en ch khng phi cho ph n ni chung.

Quan im th ba ng h affirmative action l lut ny rt cn thit v n gip ph v ci vng trn khp kn xa nay m vng trn ny kha kn dn thiu s v ph n vo nhng cng vic lng thp v t quan trng.

Tm li, bn cht ca cuc tranh lun ch xoay quanh vn NJ nh ngha affirmative action. Nh Philip J. Trounstine vit: "who defines the term most likely will win the conflict" (ai nh ngha thut ng ny th hu nh s thng cuc tranh lun ny).

NGОI M NG H AFFIRMATIVE ACTION NHNG CHNG PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT.

Trong nhng ngy qua, trn tranh lun v affirmative action cng si ni v l mt trong cc NJ ti tranh c chnh ca cuc bu c Tng Thng ln ny. Pha Pete Wilson c nhng n lc v chin thng no . Tuy th, nhng lun im bo v ca Tng Thng Bill Clinton cng ang chinh phc nhiu ngܩi. Theo Tng Thng Bill Clinton, affirmative action tiu biu cho c hi bnh ǣng v cng l bnh ǣng (equal opportunity and equal justice), gip cho nhng c nhn tng b k th xa kia mt c hi cng bng Nj ܮc hc, Nj ܮc lm vic v Nj kim sng. i vi Thng c Pete Wilson, affirmative action tiu biu mt cuc tn cng vo quyn t do c nhn, vo c hi bt bnh ǣng, bit i, k th ngܮc v s chin thng ca tnh trng nhm thay cho s xng ng ca c nhn.

Trܧc nhng quan im khc nhau nh th, phn ng ca dn M th no. Cho ljn nay, nhiu c quan truyn thng M thm d d lun qun chng M v cng cng b nhng kt qu ng ch .

iu ng ch u tin l s ng h ca dn M v affirmative action, nhng h phn ng li tnh trng bit i (preferential treatment). Theo SJMN s 20/8/1995, nhng cuc thm d kin ca ton quc hay ch ca tiu bang khng thi cho thy hu ht mi ngܩi tin rng tnh trng k th vn cn v h cn c mt nn lut php v nhng chnh sch mnh m Nj gip dn thiu s v ph n hot Ƕng tt hn. Trong cuc thm d kin gn y nht trn phm vi ton quc ca bo Los Angeles Times, 52% dn M cho bit h ng h cc chng trnh affirmative action ܮc to ra nhm gip dn thiu s t ܮc cng vic lm tt hn v c ܮc mt nn gio dc tt hn. i vi ph n, 61% ngܩi ܮc hi kin NJu t ra ng h cc chng trnh gip Ǫ ph n.

Tuy a s ng h Affirmative Action, nhng hu ht NJu t ra bt bnh vi chnh sch bit i (preferential treatment) i vi ph n v dn thiu s. 70% ngܩi ܮc hi kin phn i nhng bit i nh th i vi ph n. Bill Schneider, mt chuyn gia v kin qun chng v l nh phn tch chnh tr ca i truyn hnh CNN, cho bit: "Ngܩi dn chp nhn bt c iu g c v nh l hnh Ƕng NJn b"gip mi ngܩi tho mn nhng tiu chun hin c ca s cnh tranh. Th nhng, ngay lc m bn ni ljn vic b tiu chun ca s cnh tranh hoc to ra ngoi l, mi ngܩi NJu tr li l: khng."

C nhiu quan nim cho rng hai thut ng affirmative action v preferential treatment ng ngha nhau, c th thay th nhau. Th nhng, a s ngܩi dn M ng h affirmative action nu thut ng ny c ngha l hun luyn vic lm, gio dc ǥc bit, ch ljn ph n v thiu s,... Tm li, h ng h nhng g gip ph n v thiu s nh l hnh Ƕng NJn b ca h i vi s ngܮc i, k th xa kia. Trong lc , h li phn i preferential treatment (bit i) nh vn ln ngn sch dnh ring, ch tiu cho ph n v dn da mu... Theo thm d gn y nht ca i truyn hnh CNN v bo USA Today, i a s ngܩi M ng h nhng n lc ǥc bit nhm o to, gio dc hn l bit i nh quotas (ch tiu dnh ring), set-asides (ngn sch dnh ring)...

Tm li, nhng thm d ni trn cho thy xu hܧng x hi rt r rng rng khi nim affirmative action ܮc a s ng h hn l preferential treatment.

VI SUY NGH RING

Ngy no m s k th chng tc vn cn lng vn y trong x hi Hoa K, ngy chng ta vn cn ljn tinh thn affirmative action.

Affirmative action nh l mt s bo m mang tnh cht php l nhm "gi li tay" nhng ai mun ngn chn mi c hi tin thn ca ngܩi da mu v ph n.

C mt s ngܩi cho rng mnh ni ting M gii, c bng cp Hoa K v khng cn afiirmative action. C th iu ng vi h nhng nhn chung trong x hi, vic xa b o lut affirmative action s c tc dng g i vi dn da mu, trong c c cng ng Vit. y l vn NJ phc tp, nh hܪng mnh v lu di vo ǩi sng tng c nhn, tng gia nh v c cng ng Vit. Trܧc mt vn NJ quan trng nh th, hy thn trng, bn nh.


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