NHNG BIN C MI NHT LIN QUAN N
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

NGUYN C LM, 09-96
Kt qu cng trnh nghin cu ca Glass Ceiling Commission cho thy rng ph n v ngܩi thiu s vn cn b k th, ph n da trng th hܪng Affirmative Action nhiu hn ph n da en hay M, v hu ht nhng thng tin ca ngܩi thiu s v ph n l nh vic thi hnh ti a nhng lut l chng k th...

MT VI BIN C NG SUY NGM

Trong nm 1995, vo thi im m chin trܩng Affirmative Action ang tr nn si Ƕng, ngܩi vit c dp NJ cp v "Trn Chin Affirmative Action" v nu ln nghi vn "Chin dch i hy b o lut Affirmative Action: mt mi di k th nhm vo dn thiu s v ph n?" qua hai bi bo ng trn tp ch VIT s thng 04-95 v 09-95. ng thi, mt s cy bt khc ca tp ch VIT nh Nguyn Xun Nam v Lut s Nguyn Hu Lim cng b cng nghin cu v trnh by cc kha cnh trit l v lch s ca vn NJ Affirmative Action.

K t thng 09-95 ti nay, mt nm tri qua v nhiu bin c lin h ljn Affirmative Action cng xy ra. Mt trong nhng bin c ng k l s t chc ca tin s Chang Lin Tien, Vin trܪng Vin i hc Berkeley vo ma H 1995. K ljn l "Sng Kin Dn Quyn ti California" (California Civil Rights Initiative - CCRI) hi ch k ca ngܩi ng h Nj tr thnh d lut 209 ang ch dn chng Ca-li b phiu biu quyt vo ngy 05-11-96 sp ti.

V T CHC ca VIN TRПNG CHANG LIN TIEN

V trܩng hp ng Chang Lin Tien, k gi Henry Der ca nht bo San Jose Mercury News s ra ngy 03-09-96 c vit mt bi bo tht ng ch mang ta NJ "UC regents targeted Asian chancellor" (Hi ng qun tr h thng i hc tiu bang nhm vo mc tiu vin trܪng ngܩi gc chu). Theo bi bo ny th Chang Lin Tin l mt ngܩi di dn gc Trung Hoa. ng c bng tin s k s c kh, ni ting Anh cn ǥc ging ngoi quc. Tuy vy, vo nm 1990, ng vn ܮc b nhim lm Vin trܪng ca trܩng i hc tiu bang Berkeley ni ting. Trong sut thi gian gi chc v Vin trܪng, tin s Chang ܮc cng nhn l ngܩi c bit ti v lnh o v vn Ƕng ti chnh. ng em v cho Vin i hc Berkeley trn 750 triu M kim qua s ng gp ca gii t nhn trong khi ngn sch dnh h thng i hc tiu bang b ct gim ti mc Ƕ khng khip. Ring trong nm 1995, ng vn Ƕng ܮc cho i hc Berkely 175 triu M kim. y l mt con s k lc, vܮt xa cc i hc khc trn ton nܧc M, ngoi tr i hc Harvard. Mt thnh tch ng ca ngi khc ca tin s Chang Lin Tien l nh ti lnh o xut sc ca ng, Vin i hc Berley ܮc cng nhn l mt trong s nhng i hc dn u trn ton quc trong lnh vc nghin cu.

ng l ngܩi khng ngng ln ting tranh u cho vic nng cao phm cht ca i hc (academic excellence) v duy tr s a dng (student diversity) trong khi sinh vin. "ng l mt nh lnh o i hc hu hiu duy nht trn ton quc cn gi ܮc mi lin lc cht ch vi cc sinh vin trong lp hc v trong khun vin trܩng i hc" (Hes the single most effective university leader in the country who at the same time has managed to maintain close contact with students in the classroom and on the campus). Nh c ng m trܩng Berkeley cng ngy cng tht cht thm mi lin h vi cc cu sinh vin ca i hc ny, ǥc bit l cc sinh vin thuc cc quc gia ven b Thi Bnh Dng. Mc d to ܮc nhng thnh tch ly lng nh vy, ng khng ܮc hi ng qun tr h thng i hc tiu bang coi trng v xem l mt ng vin c nhiu trin vng ܮc chn vo chc v ch tch ca h thng i hc ny. i vi c nhn ng Chang th ngoi vic t i b va chm nng n, l du hiu ca s k th i vi ngܩi thiu s gc chu do nh hܪng ca phong tro i hy b Affirmative Action ti Ca-li. Mt s kin ng ch khc l khi ng ln ting chng li d lut 187 th ng gp phn ng khng thun li t cp trn. Thm vo l cuc ng Ƕ gia ng Chang v Thng c Pete Wilson vo ngy 20-07-95 trong phin hp ca hi ng qun tr cc h thng i hc tiu bang lin quan vi chnh sch thu nhn hc sinh vo i hc nhm to mt khi sinh vin a dng, gm nhiu thnh phn vn ha v chng tc khc nhau.

S kin ng Chang b tht sng v s t chc ca ng mang nhiu ngha v c tm mc nh hܪng rt mnh m trong cng ng thiu s gc chu-Thi Bnh Dng v l "nu vic b nhim ng Chang lm gia tng nim k vng l c th k nguyn k th chng tc bi bc ngܩi chu cui cng ang tin ljn hi co chung, th vic ng t chc lm tiu tan nhng nim hy vng ." (If Tins appointment raised expectations that may be the era of anti-Asian racism was finally drawing to a close, his resignation has now dashed those hopes" (SJMN, 03-09-96)

Trܩng hp ca ng Chang Lin Tin l bng chng c th cho thy l nu khng c s bo v ca Affirmative Action, th nhng ngܩi thiu s, ǥc bit l nhng ngܩi di dn thiu s gc Chu-Thi Bnh Dng (Asian Pacific immigrants) s kh m trnh khi b k th, d l chn hc ܩng hay ngoi k ngh. y cng l mt cu tr li hng hn cho nhng ai trong cng ng Vit chng ta cn tin rng chng cn c lut l Affirmative Action, chng ta vn ܮc trng i v ܮc hܪng nhng c hi ng NJu nh ti nng c nhn hay v chng ta sinh trܪng Hoa K, ni ting Anh lu lot nh ngܩi bn x.

Da vo nhng s kin nu trn, chng ta c th kt lun rng "Affirmative Action l mt nhu cu cn thit ch khng phi l mt ǥc n" (Affirmative is a necessity not a privilege) nh t tp ch Hispanic s ra ngy 08-96 dng lm ta NJ cho mt bi bo xc tch ca Robert Santiago v NJ ti Affirmative Action. chng minh cho s cn thit ca Affirmative Action i vi ngܩi gc M chu La-tinh (gm ngܩi M, B o Nha, Portoricans, v.v...), k gi Santiago dn chng ti liu ca Gilbert F. Casellas, Ch Tch EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Council) tc Hi ng ǥc trch v C Hi ng u Trong Cng n Vic Lm. Theo th kt qu cng trnh nghin cu ca vin Urban Institute nm 1989 cho thy trong nhng cng ty khng p dng chng trnh Affirmative Action th t s ng vin da trng ܮc gi phng vn nhiu hn cc ng vin gc La-tinh l 23%, v s ng vin da trng ܮc cho vic nhiu hn cc ng vin gc la-tinh l 52% mc d cc ng vin gc La-tinh c y vn bng v kinh nghim nh cc ng vin da trng. Ngoi ra, vo thng 03-95, kt qu cng trnh nghin cu ca Glass Ceiling Commission cho thy rng ph n v ngܩi thiu s vn cn b k th, ph n da trng th hܪng Affirmative Action nhiu hn ph n da en hay M, v hu ht nhng thng tin ca ngܩi thiu s v ph n l nh vic thi hnh ti a nhng lut l chng k th.

D LUT 209

Sau nhiu thng tri vn Ƕng ro rit, cui cng "Sng Kin Dn Quyn ti California" (California Civil Rights Initiative - CCRI) tr thnh d lut 209. y c l l mt trong nhng d lut c ni dung ngn nht v ch cha vn vn c 8 iu khon. Tuy b ngoi c v ngn gn, gin d nh vy, nhng tm nh hܪng ca d lut ny tht ng ngi. Theo Constance L. Rice, lut s c vn ca t chc NAACP (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) tc T chc Quc Gia c v cho vic thng tin ca ngܩi da mu, th d lut 209 "m ca cho vic k th i vi ph n v con gi" (Theyre opening the door to discrimination against women and girls). i vi nhng ngܩi ng h d lut 209, th tiu bang c th tit kim ܮc hnh chc triu mi nm khi hy b vic thi hnh cc chng trnh bit i v u thu v nhn dng trong khi cc trܩng i hc tiu bang, i hc cng ng cng nh cc trܩng cng lp c th tit kim ܮc hn 50 triu M kim mi nm.

S phn ca d lut 209 s ܮc nh ot vo k bu c thng 11-96 sp ti. Cc nh lnh o cuc vn Ƕng chng li d lut 209 nh Eleanor Smeal, Ch tch t chc Feminist Majority lo ngi rng nu d lut 209 thng California th chc chn phong tro i hy b Affirmative Action s lan rng trn ton quc v Ca-li vn ܮc coi l ni xut pht cc phong tro tng t.

KT LUN: THI  ca CHNG TA I VI AFFIRMATIVE ACTION v D LUN 209

Vic hy b hay duy tr cc lut l v chng trnh Affirmative Action chc chn l c nh hܪng trc tip ljn ǩi sng, vic hc, cng n vic lm ca chng ta trong thi gian sp ti v tng lai ca con chu chng ta sau ny. Cho nn, chn la mt thi Ƕ hp l, chnh ng v r rt l mt vic lm i hi phi tm hiu k lܫng v vn NJ ny.

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